Anatomy and Physiology for Punting A Football

The structure can be subdivided into an outer bony labyrinth and an inner membranous labyrinth. unrivalled of the bony labyrinth's cavities is called the cochlea. This tapered tube is coiled like the husk of a snail (Eckert 195). The cochlea is subdivided internally into three spaciousitudinal compartments. A cross section of these three channels shows that the partitions have a "Y" shape (Tortora & Grabowski 487-494). A long boney ledge forms the stem of the Y; this stem separates the scala vestibuli from the scala tympani. The scala vestibuli ends at the oval windowpane; whereas the scala tympani ends at the round window. At the apex of the opening, the cardinal perilymph-containing compartments are joined via the helicotrema. Between the membranous wings of the cochlea's Y lies the scala media. This endolymph-filled compartment contains the spiral organ--or organ of Corti--and its hair cells (Eckert 195). These specialized receptors have long hairlike processes which extend out into the endolymph and are covered by the gelatinous tectorial membrane. The basal ends of the hair cells synapse with the cochlear branch of the vestibulocochlear kindling (Tortora & Grabowski 487-494).

The sound waves received by a football participant result from the "alternate compression and decompression of air molecules (Tortora & Grabowski 487-494)." This heftiness is directed into the external auditory canal where it strikes the tympanic membrane. As the tympanic membrane vibrates

, it set outs run of the malleus, incus, and stapes. These bones move the oval window and create smooth-spoken pressure waves within the cochlea. Slight pressure fluctuations of the endolymph then cause the spiral organ's hair cells to move against the tectorial membrane. This ultimately produces nerve impulses in the cochlear nerve fibers.

The nervous system as a whole can be divided into the following deuce general parts: (1) the central nervous system ( central nervous system); and (2) the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord. It integrates influent information, generates thoughts, stores memories, and controls the body. The auditory impulses generated by a football player's ear, for example, travel to the CNS.

These signals are conducted first to the cochlear nuclei in the medulla, and then to the midbrain and thalamus.

Kristal-Boneh, E.; Raifel, M.; Froom, P.; Ribak, J. " feeling Rate Variability in Health and Disease." Scandinavian daybook of Work, Environment, and Health 21 (1995, April): 85-95.

Respiration is controlled by a CNS region known as the respiratory center. This reach--which is located in the reticular formation of the brainstem--contains the medullary rhythmicity area. This region contains both the inspiratory and expiratory areas and controls the rhythm of respiration. During quiet breathing, nerve impulses from the inspiratory area activate the muscles of inspiration. The phrenic nerves carry signals to the diaphragm and the intercostal nerves conduct impulses to the external intercostal muscles. When these muscles contract, inspiration occurs. Then, when the inspiratory muscles relax, expiration results by passive elastic recoil of the lungs and thoracic wall.

Light entering a football player's eye passes through the cornea, the pupil, and the lens, before projecting onto the back of the eyeball. Eventually, the light reaches the inner finishing of the eye, or the retina. The retina is actua
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