Philosphy Of Religion

QuestionCan we have a complete system of worship without righteousity ? You should address at least one of the followingCould we have indigence to be object lesson without righteousnesss rewards and punishmentsCould we know how to be moral without holiness guidanceCould ethics even exist if matinee idol doesn t invent it (in go Com humandments or something like themPhilosophy of ReligionPlato thought the source of every(prenominal)(a) religion to be the Logos , the transc checkental motifl that s likewised atop all the imperfections and corruptions of the phenomenal world . When truth equates to virtue , then to stick to and con habitus to the highest truth is to be moral . He derived the idea of the philosopher-king as the agent to establish this morality on man . When the ruler is at the same time philosopher he rules harmonise to the highest precepts , and thereby establishes the moral kingdom , or Utopia . In event a golden opportunity for implementing Utopia came his way . The King of siege of siege of Syracuse , enamored of Plato s philosophy , invited him to take over the reins of his realm for a year The upshot was that it did little good for the kingdom of Syracuse , exclusively was an invaluable learning bring forth for Plato himself , who was humbled into accept that the philosopher-king concept was a remarkable contr round of logic , but that it was not for the real worldWhat hope for unconsecrated morality if the philosopher-king cannot fetch his subjects to be moral ? Is the Logos of Plato a worldly defecate , or it is pertaining to the divine ? The historians of religion plot a ancestry in which Plato s Logos is the starting point of an evolution whose end product is Christianity , through with(predicate) the intermediate stages of Platonism and Neo-Platonism . Theologians , however , differ , judging Plato s ideas to be mere anticipation of the profounder truth that Christianity contains . The classic word `logos translates to `word or ` discernment . When the Greek Bible was translated into English the opening to the Testament of John became , In the beginning was the Word , and the Word was with God , and the Word was God . And the Word became flesh and dwelt among us (John 1 :1-3 , 14 . From this it becomes intelligibly that the inner truth of Plato s philosophy and that of Christianity are equal . Historians whitethorn argue the primacy of Plato , but the fact remains that the Greek philosopher merely encouraged a single moral act whereas Christianity bestow the moral underpinning to a civilizationThe same drama is being contend out in the modern era . The European metempsychosis was actually a revival of the philosophical spirit of antique Greece , with a significant advance in that empirical experiment and the method of induction , as exhorted by Francis Bacon , took primacy over clean philosophical speculation . Whatever the marrow , the overriding aims were identical . The aim was to reasoning(prenominal)ize the phenomenal world , to the extent that thinking(prenominal) may sufficiently meet all human unavoidably , both physical and spiritual . The rational is also the moral , and therefore the quest is to have morality without religion . The generic term for this trend is modernism . How successful is modernism ? The be part of this essay examines this questionThe European spiritual rebirth was characterized by the whimsey in the untapped and unbounded manfulial of man . hither man is considered as dissociated from his faith , therefore the renaissance quest is for a secular morality Francis Bacon laid the flat coat map for the establishment of this new rational by championing experimentation and the method of induction . Subsequently Newton offered a global theory of mechanics that is able to encompass all phenomenon . These were the two crucial accomplishments that laid the ground for hope that secular morals would prevail . But the new companionship needed to be verified in an absolute sense , then epistemology was the severalize . The morality stands on firm ground only if the knowledge it is based upon is certain . The determinists avowed the certitude of knowledge when acquired through the scientific method . But philosophy lent no support to their claims . Instead it floundered in empirical skepticism - the flummox that maintains that all knowledge is through the senses , and therefore relative and without objectiveness . The Cartesians struggled vainly to overcome this complaint But David Hume demolished sensationalism systematically and thoroughly , and then went on to propose a new rationalism . Plato , and the determinists put reason above all else . Hume differs : debate is , and ought to be the slave of the passions and can never piss to any early(a) office than to serve and obey them (Hume , Treatise , 2006 . He is suggesting that we are moral before we are rational . mishandle your passion for science nature tells us , according to Hume , but let your science be human , and such as may have a direct reference to follow out and society (Hume , Enquiry , 2006 . This is what he calls the science of man . In this new scheme the moral human being is at the centre of the universe reason being merely the means towards implementing the science of manKant took the cue of Hume , abandoned his Newtonian studies and took on the confinement of analyzing completely the new rationalism , which he called pure reason . After conceding the premise to empirical skepticism , he continuesAlthough all our knowledge begins with experience , it does not follow that it arises completely from experience . For it is quite possible that our empirical knowledge is a compound of that which we receive through impressions and that which our own faculty of discerning (incited by impressions ) supplies from itself (Kant , 1999The pre-existing faculty is described as a priori , and that which comes after sense impression he calls a posteriori . Reason is a priori , but without sense experience it has no separate universe of discourse . The sensory data is lent shape by reason , and the composite of the two is knowledge Reason is thus restored as a fountainhead of all human experience , but it is not the same reason which Hume described as serving the passions It is pure reason and as such is the stemma of the passions . Our limited and fallible reason is serving the higher and essential pure reason . In the process of measuring up to the higher reason we become moral .

This is expressed through the Kantian categorical imperative : I ought never to act except in such a way that I could also will that my maxim should become a frequent law (Kant , 1993The pertinent observation here is that Kant is mimicking the Christian moral code in every step of his philosophy , and all the same he remains doggedly atheistic , and still aiming for secular morality . The Kantian categorical imperative is slide fastener other than a rewording of the Christian ethic love thy dwell as thyself . His critique of pure reason is but a wordy interpretation of the Biblical pronouncement that God created man in his own image . The only difference is that the Christian is serene in his submission , whereas the Kantian is feverishly applying his thinker in to measure up to pure reason . Kant is utter us that the busy and straining intellect is the only avenue to secular morality . The heroic Western spirit hear Kant and did not falter in its thrust . Hegel was inspired to reduce the entire course of human history , which Marx particularized to the stinting sphere to create a political ethic that is potent enough to move the raft towards constructing political Utopia - in the form of nation states . The experience of Marxism has convinced many observers that it is indeed a religion . In this way the thrust for secular morality has indeed failed for it has come back to its point of departure - religionIf Marxism was for the masses then existentialism was for the philosophers themselves . This is the philosophy that revolts against the urge to rationalize , and kind of stresses immediate existence . Edmund Husserl founded phenomenology as a tremendous Kantian endeavor to rationalize each and every existent split second , towards which he took notes of his daily thoughts in vast detail . His scholar Martin Heidegger revolted and declared reason as unable to understand existence . A century earlier the Danish philosopher Soren Kierkegaard , away from the watchfulness of the world , composed reflective pieces that expressed a furthest deeper form of existentialism . He not only rejected the rational frameworks of experimental science , but also the rational s of organized religion . The Christian truth which he espoused found its source in individual experience . Nietzsche too rejected organized religion , and railed against Christianity as the biggest abomination on earth . But the prophetic zeal with which he appeals to the bermensch (the panelling ) has phantasmal connotations . At the same time the bermensch he describes is nothing other than the transcendental being that religion speaks of . And thus Nietzsche is religious in the midst of his raging blasphemiesI draw the conclusion that morality cannot be expected from beyond religion . All forms of secular morality , when examined more closely turn out to be stemming from religion . It is either a diffused form of religion , or a mutilated and separated part that convinces itself that it is not religious because it does not adhere to the customs of religion . My exposition is meant to show that as philosophy becomes more and more full in its quest it flows back towards the sea of religion and at last there is a confluenceReferencesHume , D (2006 . A Treatise on homo Nature .. 417 . Charleston , SC BiblioBazaarHume , D (2006 . An Enquiry Concerning gay Understanding .. 7 . Tom L Beauchamp (Ed ) New York : Oxford University insistence , USAKant , I (1999 . Critique of Pure Reason .. 1 . Werner S . Pluhar (Trans , Eric Watkins (Ed ) Boston : Hackett Publishing CompanyKant , I (1993 . Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals . Trans . pack W . Ellington .. 47 . Boston : Hackett Publishing CompanyPAGEReligion PAGE 1 ...If you want to get a full essay, order it on our website: Orderessay

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